There seems to be a lot of confusion among coaches and students as to whether squats should be performed all the way or only halfway. In most gyms today, a common instruction during squats, deadlifts, and lunges (as taught by many personal training organizations) is to not allow your knees to travel past your toes. Doing so will ultimately cause destruction to your knees! I disagree. There are certain cases where partial range of motion (ROM) is called for, but for the most part, I teach people the full squat for the following reasons:

* It is the most primitive movement pattern known to man; our ancestors used to perform many daily functions (ie harvesting, gathering, hunting, cooking, eating, etc.) in a fully crouched position.

*Also, in case anyone hasn’t noticed, we spent 40 weeks in the fetal position (which is basically a full squat) before we entered this world. Did we go out with bad knees?

* We should strive to train in full ROM for each and every exercise. The squat is no exception.

* Each exercise produces stress around a joint: the body adapts to this stress.

* Co-contraction of the quadriceps, hamstrings, and gastrocnemius maintain integrity around the knee joint.

* Shear and compression forces occur around the knee joint (as opposed to shear forces that occur in some lower body open kinetic chain exercises, such as leg extensions); however, the large area of ​​contact of the patella with the femoral groove (as knee flexion increases during the full squat) helps dissipate compressive forces.

*Therefore, not only is the squat, as a closed-chain exercise, considered a natural movement pattern with high functional carryover, but it is also a safe exercise if performed correctly (and that includes full ROM!)

* Drawer tests are performed at a 90 degree knee angle because there is a greater amount of laxity in the knee joint at that specific angle. So does it make sense to only go down to the middle where it’s most vulnerable, especially when bigger loadouts can be used (because it’s so much stronger in this partial ROM?)

* According to Ironman contributor George Turner, the fulcrum moves toward the knee joint in a parallel squat as opposed to the quadriceps muscle belly in a full squat.

* Think about it, if you constantly train at a limited ROM, the chance of injury increases if you squat beyond your trained ROM one day.

* Regularly performed partial squats will decrease flexibility.

* There is a low incidence of low back pain and knee injuries in Aboriginal and Eastern societies that perform full squats on a regular basis.

* Even Olympic weightlifters who do full squats have fairly healthy knees compared to other athletes.

* Although you can find some research that full squats are potentially harmful to your knees, only one study has shown this to be true. However, it was performed on a skeleton; the same results are not valid with the surrounding connective tissue. On the other hand, numerous studies show the benefits of full squats.

Unfortunately many personal training certification courses teach half squats as a safe version suitable for all people and this has now been set in stone. God forbid you stray from this golden rule to do something our bodies are meant to do! Please read this carefully: Squats should be performed at full ROM where your hamstrings make contact with your calves (so no light is seen passing through your legs in the bottom position). It’s okay for your knees to travel past your toes (just don’t relax your knees in the bottom position). In other words, keep your legs tense and try to stay as upright as possible throughout the entire exercise. So the next time a fitness instructor comes up to you at the gym and advises you not to do deep squats, tell him he doesn’t know how to squat!